Fig. 1
From: Higgs like stiffness and fractons on the verge of phase transitions
(a) Landau free energy F versus order parameter \(\phi\) for various temperatures in terms of the critical temperature \(T_c\). (b) Potential energy density \(U (\phi _1, \phi _2)\) versus \(\phi _1\) versus \(\phi _2\), where \(\phi _1\) and \(\phi _2\) are scalar fields and the free energy \(F(\varepsilon ',\varepsilon '')\) versus \(\varepsilon '\) versus \(\varepsilon ''\), being \(\varepsilon '\) the real and \(\varepsilon ''\) the imaginary contributions to the dielectric constant. The cyan and black thick solid lines represent, respectively, the Nambu-Goldstone and the Higgs modes. The 3D plot of \(U(\phi _1, \phi _2)\) and \(F(\varepsilon ',\varepsilon '')\) is partially shown for a better visualization of the Nambu-Goldstone and the Higgs modes. (c) Flowchart indicating the manifestation of the HLS mechanism. More details in the main text.
