Table 1 Description and measurement.
From: Agricultural carbon footprints, renewable energy and sustainable development in Asia
Variable | Measurement/proxy | Source |
|---|---|---|
Sustainable development (SD) | Adjusted net savings, excluding particulate emission damage (% of GNI) | WDI (2025) |
Renewable energy (RE) | Renewable energy consumption (% of total final energy consumption) | WDI (2025), IRENA |
Agricultural carbon footprints (ACF) | % of agricultural methane emissions to total | WDI, European Commission |
Economic growth (GDP) | GDP per capita (constant 2015 US$) | World Bank WDI (2025) |
Trade openness (TRADE) | Trade percentage of GDP | WDI (2025) |
Population (POP) | Annual percentage | WDI (2025) |
