Table 6 Results of panel unit root test.

From: Agricultural carbon footprints, renewable energy and sustainable development in Asia

Variables

CIPS

CADF

Level

1st Difference

Integration order

Level

1st Difference

Integration order

SD

-1.019

-3.404 ***

I1

-2.006

-2.421**

I1

ACF

-1.990

-3.975 ***

I1

-2.407

-3.207***

I1

RE

-0.544

-3.132***

I1

-1.074

-2.503**

I1

GDP

-1.448

-3.041***

I1

-1.646

-3.041***

I1

TRADE

-1.666

-3.615***

I1

-2.124

-2.328**

I1

POP

-1.293

-3.109***

I1

-1.846

-3.231***

I1

  1. **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01; critical values: -2.12, -2.25 and -2.51 for 10%, 5%, and 1% significance level respectively.
  2. Source: Authors’ compilation (2025).