Table 1 Summary of proximate analysis components.

From: Sustainable biodiesel production from cottonseed oil using a nickel-doped eggshell heterogeneous catalyst optimized via response surface methodology

Parameter

Method

Key Conditions

Formula

Moisture content

Oven drying

110 °C, 40 min

\(\frac{{{W_1} - {W_3}}}{{{W_2}}} \times 100\)

Volatile matter

Furnace heating

130–135 °C, 1–2 h

\(\frac{{{W_1} - {W_3}}}{{{W_2}}} \times 100\)

Ash content

Combustion

550–600 °C, 2–3 h

\(\frac{{Ash~\,weight}}{{Sample\,~weight}} \times 100\)

Fixed carbon

By difference

-

\(100 - (Ash~\% ~+~Moisture~\% ~+~Volatile~Matter~\% )\)

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