Table 2 Corresponding mathematical formulations.

Moisture content

Oven drying

\(Moisture~\,\left( \% \right)=\frac{{\left( {W1 - W2} \right)}}{{W1}} \times 100\)

Specific gravity

Density bottle

\(SG=\frac{{{W_1} - {W_0}}}{{{W_2} - {W_0}}}\)

Kinematic viscosity

Digital Vibro viscometer

\(KV~\left( {cSt} \right)=\frac{{Dynamic~\,Viscosity}}{{Density}}\)

Acid value

Titration

\(AV=\frac{{56.1 \times V \times N}}{w}\)

Free fatty acids

Derived from AV

\({\text{FFA~(\% )}}=\frac{{{\text{AV}}}}{2}\)

Saponification number

Alkali titration

\(SN=\frac{{56.1 \times (Vb - Vs) \times N}}{w}\)

Iodine value

Hanus method

\(IV=\frac{{12.69 \times N \times (Vb - Vs)}}{w}\)

Ash content

Combustion

\(Ash~\left( \% \right)=\frac{{Residue~Weight}}{{Sample~Weight}} \times 100\)