Fig. 9 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 9

From: Freeze-thaw seasonal variations and environmental controls of CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from reservoirs in the upper Yellow River

Fig. 9

Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) is employed to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of environmental factors on (a) CCO2 and FCO2, and (b) CCH4 and FCH4. Solid blue and orange arrows indicate significant positive and negative effects, respectively, while dotted arrows represent insignificant effects on the dependent variable. The numbers adjacent to the arrows denote standardized path coefficients, which indicate the effect size of the relationships. The R2 value represents the variance explained for the target variables. The significance levels of the correlations are indicated as *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01, respectively.

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