Table 6 Performance comparison on Columbia dataset.
Dataset: Columbia | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ref. No. | Model | Year | AUC | F1 score | Accuracy | Precision | Recall |
CAT-Net | 2022 | – | 0.79 | – | – | – | |
ConvNeXtFF | 2023 | 0.93 | 0.88 | – | – | – | |
DMDC-Net | 2023 | – | 0.8 | – | 0.91 | 0.7 | |
EITL-Net | 2024 | – | 0.87 | – | – | – | |
FCN | 2022 | – | 0.53 | – | – | – | |
Forensic-Net | 2023 | – | 0.63 | – | 0.65 | 0.62 | |
HiFi-Net | 2023 | – | 0.83 | – | – | – | |
IF-OSN | 2022 | 0.86 | 0.7 | – | – | – | |
IML-ViT | 2024 | – | 0.91 | – | – | – | |
ISIE-Net | 2025 | 0.89 | 0.71 | – | – | – | |
Loma | 2025 | – | 0.88 | – | – | – | |
MAPS-Net | 2024 | 0.89 | 0.74 | – | – | – | |
MPC | 2025 | – | 0.94 | – | – | – | |
MSFF | 2022 | 0.96 | 0.83 | – | – | – | |
MSF-Net | 2025 | – | 0.78 | – | – | – | |
NCL | 2023 | 0.92 | 0.8 | – | – | – | |
OSN | 2022 | 0.86 | 0.7 | – | – | – | |
PCL | 2023 | 0.76 | 0.69 | – | – | – | |
RRA-Net | 2022 | – | 0.75 | – | – | – | |
TruFOR | 2023 | – | 0.79 | – | – | – | |
ViT-132 | 2025 | – | 0.9 | – | 0.89 | 0.91 | |
VVS+SS2D | 2025 | – | 0.94 | – | – | – | |
TPB-Net | 2024 | 0.89 | 0.7 | – | – | – | |
C2R-Net | 2020 | – | 0.69 | – | 0.8 | 0.61 | |
CR-CNN | 2020 | – | 0.43 | – | – | – | |
CAT-NET | 2021 | – | 0.55 | – | – | – | |
DFCN | 2021 | 0.62 | 0.41 | – | – | – | |
EXIF-SC | 2020 | – | 0.51 | – | – | – | |
GSR-Net | 2020 | – | 0.61 | – | – | – | |
Noiseprint | 2020 | 0.84 | 0.36 | – | – | – | |
RTAG | 2021 | – | 0.73 | – | 0.62 | 0.89 | |
SPAN | 2020 | 0.93 | 0.81 | – | – | – | |
SPAN | 2020 | – | 0.48 | – | – | – | |
TDA-Net | 2021 | 0.89 | 0.73 | – | – | – | |
Proposed | CNN+EfficientNetV2B0 | 2025 | 0.9869 | 0.9446 | 0.9424 | 0.9101 | 0.9818 |
