Fig. 1

Viability of spheroids derived from eight primary cell types treated with DPM concentrations of 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 µg/mL. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 3 for each treatment). Statistical significance was evaluated using one-way ANOVA for each time point, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test. Data with *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, and ****P < 0.0001 were considered statistically significant.