Table 2 Top five canonical pathways obtained from IPA for proteins exhibiting significant increases (> 1.5-fold) at the highest DPM concentrations compared to the unexposed spheroids.

From: Diesel particulate matter-induced proteomic changes in three-dimensional spheroids derived from human primary cells of various tissue origins

NEC-S

B/TEC-S

Top canonical pathways

P-value

Z-score

Top canonical pathways

P-value

Z-score

LXR/RXR activation**

7.31E-34

4.2

LXR/RXR activation**

3.50E-27

5.376

FXR/RXR activation*

1.16E-33

–

FXR/RXR activation*

7.22E-27

–

Acute phase response signaling**

5.32E-29

1.667

Acute phase response signaling**

5.88E-19

2.065

Coagulation system

4.55E-15

−0.632

Atherosclerosis signaling

3.06E-12

–

Atherosclerosis signaling

1.69E-14

–

SNARE signaling pathway

9.40E-12

4.315

LF-S

SAEC-S

Top canonical pathways

P-value

Z-score

Top canonical pathways

P-value

Z-score

LXR/RXR activation**

2.09E-15

3.962

FXR/RXR activation*

3.78E-37

–

Acute phase response signaling**

1.03E-12

1.732

LXR/RXR activation**

1.91E-32

5.292

FXR/RXR activation*

1.47E-11

–

Acute phase response signaling**

7.78E-26

1.387

Hepatic fibrosis/Hepatic stellate cell activation

7.67E-11

–

Atherosclerosis signaling

5.30E-11

–

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis signaling

2.65E-09

–

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis signaling

8.91E-08

–

M-S

A-S

Top canonical pathways

P-value

Z-score

Top canonical pathways

P-value

Z-score

FXR/RXR activation*

1.53E-27

–

Acute phase response signaling**

2.18E-12

2.84

Acute phase response signaling**

1.52E-25

1.941

LXR/RXR activation**

1.04E-10

3.545

LXR/RXR activation**

3.80E-25

4.914

GP6 signaling pathway

1.24E-10

4.379

Complement system

3.21E-16

1

Hepatic fibrosis/Hepatic stellate cell activation

1.28E-10

–

Coagulation system

7.67E-15

0.277

Pulmonary fibrosis idiopathic signaling pathway

2.31E-10

6.008

DF-S

CAEC-S

Top canonical pathways

P-value

Z-score

Top canonical pathways

P-value

Z-score

FXR/RXR activation*

3.10E-13

–

LXR/RXR activation**

1.80E-15

3.674

LXR/RXR activation**

1.19E-11

4.69

FXR/RXR activation*

1.69E-12

–

Acute phase response signaling**

1.30E-11

1.606

Acute phase response signaling**

5.43E-12

2.309

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis signaling

9.58E-10

–

Hepatic fibrosis/Hepatic stellate cell activation

6.67E-11

–

Pulmonary fibrosis idiopathic signaling pathway

8.14E-09

4.95

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis signaling

1.15E-08

–

  1. §IPA was conducted on the proteins showing significant increases (> 1.5-fold) at 48 h in spheroids exposed to the highest DPM concentrations compared to unexposed spheroids, among those proteins identified as statistically significant by two-way ANOVA across the eight spheroid types.
  2. †P-value is displayed in E notation: aEb indicates a value of a × 10b.
  3. ¥Z-score reflects the predicted activation state of a pathway. A Z-score ≥ 2 suggests significant activation, while a Z-score ≤ − 2 suggests significant inhibition. A missing Z-score (–) indicates that no activation state could be predicted due to insufficient directional information.
  4. £ **indicates the pathways recognized as the top five signaling pathways across all eight spheroid types, while * denotes pathways that are common to seven of the spheroid types based on IPA analysis.
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