Table 1 Parameter descriptions and corresponding values.

From: Multiscale detection of power quality disturbances and cyber intrusions in smart grids using NSCT and frequency band scalograms

Symbol

Description

Value

Fs

Sampling frequency

1000 Hz

t

Time vector (duration)

0 to 2 s

f

Fundamental frequency of the original signal

50 Hz

 

Harmonic coefficients

[1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13]

Noise

Additive white Gaussian noise amplitude

0.3

Clean Signal

Sum of fundamental and harmonic signals

Fundamental (50 Hz), up to 13th Harmonic

fc

Cut-off frequency for low-pass filter

700 Hz (to include up to the 13th harmonic)

Filter Order

Order of the Butterworth low-pass filter

4th

Band Width

Frequency band width used to detect harmonics

5 Hz

Energy Before

Energy in harmonic bands before processing

Computed for each harmonic frequency (1st to 13th)

Energy After

Energy in harmonic bands after processing

Computed for each harmonic frequency (1st to 13th)

Threshold

Energy detection threshold for missing harmonics

0.1 * max(energy Before)

Harmonic Frequencies

Harmonic frequencies for analysis

[50 Hz, 100 Hz, 150 Hz, 250 Hz, 350 Hz, 550 Hz, 650 Hz]