Table 12 Comparison of proposed method with other existing methods.

From: Multiscale detection of power quality disturbances and cyber intrusions in smart grids using NSCT and frequency band scalograms

Metric

NSCT Method

Proposed Method (Wavelet-based Scalograms)

Cyber Anomaly Detection by proposed method

Clarity

Moderate clarity for standard disturbances.

High clarity, especially in high-frequency disturbances.

Clear identification of anomalies

Noise Handling

Poor handling of high-frequency noise.

Excellent noise suppression at multiple frequency levels.

Isolates cyber-induced noise clearly.

Frequency Resolution

Limited resolution, struggles with harmonics.

Higher frequency resolution for different levels.

Higher resolution for cyber anomalies.

Energy Scalograms (S)

Limited in distinguishing energy across bands.

Clear distribution of energy across time and frequency.

Enhanced energy detection of anomalies

Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)

Lower SNR, less accurate for noisy signals.

Higher SNR, isolates disturbances with minimal noise.

Improved SNR for anomaly detection.

Handling Cyber Anomalies

Struggles to detect high-frequency anomalies.

Clear detection of cyber anomalies (e.g., FDI, harmonics).

Excellent for high-frequency anomalies

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