Table 3 Adaptive weighting and feature Scaling.

From: Multiscale detection of power quality disturbances and cyber intrusions in smart grids using NSCT and frequency band scalograms

Sub band

Energy Before Weighting Ebefore

Energy After Weighting Eafter

Scaling Factor α

Energy Gain/Loss (%)

Feature-to-Noise Ratio (FNR)

Comments

Voltage Sag

0.83

0.58

0.7

−30.1%

20.3 dB

Scaled down to focus on higher frequencies

Harmonics

0.80

0.88

1.1

+ 10%

21.5 dB

High-frequency faults prioritized

Voltage Swell

0.65

0.72

1.12

+ 10.8%

20.0 dB

Minor boost to balance between sag and swell

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