Table 5 MCA results.

From: Multiscale detection of power quality disturbances and cyber intrusions in smart grids using NSCT and frequency band scalograms

Fault Type

Pre-MCA Signal Energy

Post-MCA Isolated Energy

Energy Retained (%)

Comments

Voltage Sag

0.52

0.48

92.3%

Voltage sag features well-preserved

Harmonics

0.79

0.72

91.1%

Harmonics detected with minimal loss

Voltage Swell

0.65

0.62

95.3%

Voltage swells largely retained