Table 6 Scalogram analysis.

From: Multiscale detection of power quality disturbances and cyber intrusions in smart grids using NSCT and frequency band scalograms

Fault type

Time (ms)

Frequency (Hz)

Energy Distribution S(f, t)

Comments

Voltage Sag

0–50

50

0.92

Strong energy concentration at low frequencies

Harmonics

50–100

150

0.88

Harmonics dominate at higher frequencies

Voltage Swell

20–80

120

0.85

Moderate energy spread over mid-range frequencies

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