Fig. 3

Mutation signatures of iSNVs. The bar plots show the distribution of 96 trinucleotide-based single base substitution (SBS) classes detected in HPV16 and HPV52 genomes, categorized by substitution type and context. T > C transitions were the most frequent, followed by C > T and T > G substitutions. A notable enrichment of T > G mutations within the GTT > GGT context was observed in HPV52 samples.