Fig. 6

Expression of Hsp70 protein and hsp70 gene in (a,c) Pocillopora damicornis and (b,d) Stylophora pistillata under three different treatments (C, PC, NPC) at specific time intervals (Before stress, Day 1, Day 3, Day 10). Panels (a,b) show Hsp70 protein levels, expressed in arbitrary units. Panels (c,d) show hsp70 gene expression, normalised and expressed as 2^–ΔΔCt relative to the “Control group” at the “Before Stress” time point. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) from the control group (C) at the corresponding time points, as determined by the two-factors univariate PERMANOVA followed by pairwise comparisons. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean. Full PERMANOVA pairwise comparisons are provided in Table S2 and S4 (Supplementary Information).