Table 2 Association between antidiabetic drugs and infections by drug class.

From: Disproportionality analysis of infection associated with antidiabetic drug use patterns

 

SGLT2 inhibitors

(n = 100,700)

Insulin

(n = 343,137)

GLP-1 RA

(n = 214,070)

Metformin

(n = 165,276)

DPP-4 inhibitors

(n = 92,868)

TZDs

(n = 118,369)

Sulfonylurea

(n = 57,532)

AGi

(n = 8498)

n

aRORa

n

aRORa

n

aRORa

n

aRORa

n

aRORa

n

aRORa

n

aRORa

n

aRORa

Type of infection

                

Urinary tract infection

3362

14.40 (13.06 to 15.88)

943

1.23 (1.10 to 1.38)

528

1.09 (0.96 to 1.23)

719

0.81 (0.74 to 0.88)

415

1.20 (1.07 to 1.34)

133

0.68 (0.56 to 0.83)

111

0.56 (0.46 to 0.69)

4

0.15 (0.06 to 0.40)

Cardiac infection

11

3.47 (1.34 to 9.01)

22

2.34 (0.92 to 5.96)

7

1.13 (0.38 to 3.33)

7

0.67 (0.29 to 1.56)

6

2.04 (0.74 to 5.64)

21

4.78 (1.86 to 12.29)

2

0.79 (0.19 to 3.40)

0

NA

Gastrointestinal infection

373

2.15 (1.83 to 2.52)

502

0.90 (0.76 to 1.07)

722

2.07 (1.76 to 2.44)

391

1.37 (1.19 to 1.57)

235

1.55 (1.31 to 1.83)

43

0.22 (0.16 to 0.31)

73

0.80 (0.62 to 1.02)

16

1.82 (1.09 to 3.04)

Upper Respiratory infection

656

1.10 (0.99 to 1.22)

4077

1.62 (1.48 to 1.78)

2078

1.33 (1.21 to 1.46)

871

0.71 (0.66 to 0.78)

1263

2.70 (2.47 to 2.95)

330

0.48 (0.42 to 0.55)

234

0.78 (0.68 to 0.89)

11

0.22 (0.12 to 0.40)

Lower Respiratory infection

1247

1.91 (1.76 to 2.08)

4589

1.93 (1.79 to 2.09)

2104

1.38 (1.27 to 1.49)

1219

0.93 (0.87 to 1.00)

1377

2.53 (2.34 to 2.73)

566

0.71 (0.64 to 0.79)

317

0.90 (0.80 to 1.01)

25

0.60 (0.40 to 0.90)

Respiratory infection

54

1.39 (0.92 to 2.10)

187

1.48 (1.01 to 2.19)

85

1.07 (0.71 to 1.61)

60

0.79 (0.57 to 1.10)

77

2.79 (1.94 to 4.02)

16

0.46 (0.25 to 0.84)

12

0.67 (0.36 to 1.23)

0

NA

Hepatobiliary& Pancreatic infection

36

0.79 (0.52 to 1.21)

230

1.50 (1.07 to 2.09)

130

1.46 (1.03 to 2.07)

69

0.65 (0.48 to 0.86)

90

2.47 (1.79 to 3.42)

70

1.33 (0.92 to 1.95)

29

0.99 (0.65 to 1.51)

2

0.49 (0.12 to 2.02)

Musculoskeletal infection

4163

31.94 (27.62 to 36.95)

463

0.73 (0.62 to 0.86)

141

0.27 (0.22 to 0.33)

566

0.80 (0.73 to 0.88)

125

0.50 (0.41 to 0.60)

32

0.13 (0.09 to 0.18)

53

0.67 (0.50 to 0.89)

2

0.50 (0.12 to 2.03)

Nervous system infection

38

1.12 (0.63 to 1.96)

159

1.27 (0.74 to 2.17)

41

0.51 (0.28 to 0.91)

34

0.66 (0.41 to 1.07)

27

1.08 (0.63 to 1.86)

9

1.12 (0.63 to 1.96)

14

0.88 (0.45 to 1.70)

1

0.58 (0.08 to 4.40)

Genital infection

                

Both

1889

99.44 (72.42 to 136.54)

111

0.31 (0.20 to 0.50)

88

0.55 (0.37 to 0.81)

303

0.72 (0.62 to 0.83)

107

0.90 (0.70 to 1.17)

14

0.64 (0.31 to 1.30)

39

0.27 (0.11 to 0.66)

0

NA

Male

725

41.73 (29.30 to 59.44)

28

0.57 (0.36 to 0.92)

27

0.82 (0.52 to 1.28)

118

1.02 (0.84 to 1.26)

33

1.01 (0.69 to 1.46)

4

0.28 (0.10 to 0.79)

0

NA

0

NA

Female

1016

65.46 (54.01 to 79.33)

11

0.92 (0.73 to 1.18)

15

0.86 (0.66 to 1.10)

94

0.99 (0.87 to 1.12)

31

1.11 (0.90 to 1.37)

4

0.62 (0.36 to 1.07)

1

1.09 (0.78 to 1.53)

0

NA

  1. Abbreviation: AGi, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors; aROR, adjusted reporting odds ratio; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; GLP-1 RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; SGLT2, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2; TZD, thiazolidinediones.
  2. a Includes possible prior infections, not limited to monotherapy cases, but encompassing all instances where the respective drug was part of the reported regimen.
  3. b Adjusted for age (0–17, 18–44, 45–64, and ≥ 65 years); sex (male and female); region of report (African, Americas, Southeast Asia, Europe, Eastern Mediterranean, and Western Pacific); and reporter qualification (health professional, non-health professional, and unknown).
  4. Bolded values indicate statistical significance, as they represent ROR lower 95% confidence intervals exceeding 1.00.
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