Table 3 Association between antidiabetic drugs and infections with single antidiabetic drug use.

From: Disproportionality analysis of infection associated with antidiabetic drug use patterns

 

SGLT2 inhibitor only

(n = 85,064)

Insulin only

(n = 328,100)

GLP-1 RA only

(n = 203,267)

Metformin only

(n = 86,541)

DPP-4 inhibitor only

(n = 50,550)

n

aRORa

n

aRORa

n

aRORa

n

aRORa

n

aRORa

Type of infection, n (%)

          

Urinary tract infection

2882

10.41 (9.76 to 11.09)

860

0.77 (0.70 to 0.85)

465

0.79 (0.71 to 0.88)

140

0.39 (0.32 to 0.46)

202

1.09 (0.94 to 1.26)

Cardiac infection

11

1.69 (0.86 to 3.32)

19

0.70 (0.37 to 1.33)

5

0.35 (0.14 to 0.88)

2

0.27 (0.07 to 1.14)

5

1.32 (0.51 to 3.39)

Gastrointestinal infection

295

2.46 (2.14 to 2.82)

459

0.90 (0.78 to 1.04)

663

2.22 (2.00 to 2.47)

181

1.44 (1.22 to 1.70)

116

1.81 (1.48 to 2.20)

Upper Respiratory infection

488

0.80 (0.72 to 0.87)

3901

1.81 (1.69 to 1.94)

1917

0.96 (0.91 to 1.01)

263

0.45 (0.40 to 0.51)

834

2.25 (2.08 to 2.43)

Lower Respiratory infection

991

1.23 (1.15 to 1.32)

4287

1.51 (1.42 to 1.60)

1881

0.81 (0.77 to 0.85)

405

0.55 (0.50 to 0.61)

753

1.59 (1.47 to 1.72)

Respiratory infection

39

1.00 (0.71 to 1.42)

179

1.55 (1.16 to 2.07)

76

0.79 (0.61 to 1.03)

22

0.63 (0.41 to 0.99)

50

2.55 (1.86 to 3.48)

Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic infection

28

0.55 (0.37 to 0.82)

221

1.19 (0.95 to 1.49)

120

1.01 (0.82 to 1.25)

24

0.43 (0.28 to 0.65)

53

1.72 (1.28 to 2.31)

Musculoskeletal infection

3607

28.90 (26.91 to 31.05)

397

0.42 (0.37 to 0.48)

101

0.24 (0.20 to 0.29)

48

0.52 (0.39 to 0.69)

37

0.70 (0.50 to 0.97)

Nervous system infection

31

1.21 (0.82 to 1.77)

158

3.26 (2.25 to 4.72)

38

0.54 (0.38 to 0.76)

18

0.74 (0.45 to 1.22)

19

1.39 (0.86 to 2.25)

Genital infection

          

Both

1561

31.81 (27.81 to 36.38)

89

0.04 (0.02 to 0.06)

59

0.25 (0.17 to 0.37)

19

0.09 (0.04 to 0.22)

24

0.37 (0.19 to 0.69)

Male

598

16.78 (13.97 to 20.14)

26

0.16 (0.10 to 0.24)

22

0.43 (0.28 to 0.68)

1

0.03 (0.01 to 0.23)

12

0.77 (0.42 to 1.38)

Female

796

19.11 (17.12 to 21.32)

7

0.14 (0.11 to 0.18)

13

0.26 (0.19 to 0.34)

2

0.16 (0.10 to 0.25)

6

0.47 (0.31 to 0.73)

  1. Abbreviation: aROR, adjusted reporting odds ratio; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; GLP-1 RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; SGLT2, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2.
  2. a Adjusted for age (0–17, 18–44, 45–64, and ≥ 65 years); sex (male and female); region of report (African, Americas, Southeast Asia, Europe, Eastern Mediterranean, and Western Pacific); and reporter qualification (health professional, non-health professional, and unknown).
  3. Bolded values indicate statistical significance, as they represent ROR lower 95% confidence intervals exceeding 1.
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