Fig. 4

Following behavioral testing on day 14 post-surgery, rat spinal cord tissues were collected for: A immunofluorescence staining of Iba-1 in the dorsal horn (× 20 magnification; scale bar: 50 μm), and B qRT-PCR analysis of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA levels. Bar graphs represent mean ± SD (n = 3). *p < 0.05 vs. Sham group. Statistical significance was determined using Student’s t test.