Table 1 ANCOVA results for metacognitive strategies controlling for Pre-test Scores.

From: Evaluating AI-Powered Applications for Enhancing Undergraduate Students’ Metacognitive Strategies, Self-Determined Motivation, and Social Learning in English Language Education

Meta-cognitive Strategy

Adjusted Post-test Mean (Exp)

Adjusted Post-test Mean (Control)

SE

F

p

Partial η²

I will learn how to improve my English skills.

4.08*

3.21

0.12

19.12

< 0.001

0.35

I pay attention when someone is speaking English.

4.18*

3.45

0.11

10.45

< 0.001

0.27

I have noticed my English mistakes and use that information…

4.21*

3.34

0.10

16.82

< 0.001

0.32

I think about my progress in learning English.

4.09*

3.22

0.13

11.76

< 0.001

0.29

I find many ways to use my English.

4.14*

3.33

0.11

18.32

< 0.001

0.34

I have clear goals for improving my English skills.

4.17**

3.50

0.14

7.92

0.002

0.21

I look for people I can talk to in English.

4.22*

3.48

0.09

17.65

< 0.001

0.36

I look for opportunities to read as much as possible in English.

4.28*

3.42

0.08

22.49

< 0.001

0.39

  1. Note: * p <.001; ** p <.05.
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