Fig. 5

Electrochemical sensing performance of TDA-Trz-POP-modified electrode for Hg²⁺ detection. (A)Comparative square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) responses of bare and TDA-Trz-POP-modified electrodes recorded for 50 nM Hg²⁺ in 0.1 M NaCl (pH 5.0) under a deposition potential of − 1.2 V for 300 s; (B) SWASV profiles of the modified electrode for Hg²⁺ concentrations ranging from 5 to 100 nM.Colour legend: Each coloured line represents a different Hg²⁺ concentration in the range 50–100 nM, increasing from red to purple. Inset: Calibration plot exhibiting linearity with the equation i = 335.36c + 0.51; the calculated limit of detection (LoD) is 1.5 nM.