Fig. 3
(A) System architecture of the AIoT-enabled ICU CC. (1) FHIR Translator and (2) Load Balancer: Convert and standardize data from medical devices and EMRs into the FHIR format, then distribute it across parallel data pipelines. (3) Message Queue (MQ): A distributed system that shards and stores real-time data (e.g., from patient monitors) across multiple nodes. (4) Historical Database: Stores cold data for long-term tracking and analysis. (5) WebRTC Server: Streams real-time video from ICU cameras. (6) Consumer Dispatcher: Delivers curated, event-driven data to Tele-ICU, central stations, and AIoT applications. Adapted from our previous work16 (B) Personal panel of the ICU CC. Centralizes critical patient information into a single dashboard, providing a comprehensive overview and reducing the need to switch between multiple systems or documents. User interface designed by our research team using Figma (web-based application, accessed on 11 August 2025, https://www.figma.com/). Abbreviations: AI artificial intelligence, BI business intelligence, EMR electronic medical records, FHIR fast healthcare interoperability resources, HIS hospital information system, ICU intensive care unit, LIS laboratory information systems, PACS picture archiving and communication system, PM patient monitor, VEN Ventilator, WebRTC web real-time communication.
