Table 1 Classification of Clustering-Based WSN Protocols.
Category | Protocol | Characteristics | Advantages | Limitations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Classical | LEACH | Probabilistic CH selection, single-hop to BS | Simple and low overhead | Short lifetime, poor scalability |
Energy-Aware | HEED | Residual energy + communication cost based CH selection | Energy-balanced, avoids random CH selection | Static CHs, suboptimal CH selection in sparse nets |
EEHP | Hybrid energy prediction and residual-based CH rotation | Improves CH longevity with predictive energy model | Complexity of prediction model | |
Hierarchical | EECH | Energy and connectivity-based CH selection, multi-hop communication | Efficient multi-hop routing, better for large WSNs | CHs may overload, lacks adaptive sensing |
HTCCR | Threshold-based cooperative CH formation and routing | Better reliability and load balancing | Higher control overhead | |
MIMO-HC | Combines MIMO with hierarchical clustering | Improved energy efficiency and robustness | High complexity due to MIMO integration | |
Metaheuristic | TCO | CH selection based on topology (degree, distance) | Stable clusters, good for dense topologies | Depends on fixed topology metrics |
FPA | Bio-inspired optimization for CH selection | Optimized CH placement, energy savings | Requires tuning and computationally heavy | |
Hybrid | HCRT | It provides Hybrid clustering with sensing based on threshold | Reduces data redundancy, balances energy use | Still fixed zones, may lack adaptability |
