Table 1 Baseline patient characteristics before and after propensity score matching.
Variables | Before matching | After matching | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GLP-1 RA (n = 182,915) | DPP4i (n = 297,490) | SMD# | GLP-1 RA (n = 158,224) | DPP4i (n = 158,224) | SMD# | |
Age at Index (years), Mean ± SD | 55.4 ± 12.2 | 60.3 ± 12.1 | 0.398 | 56.7 ± 11.7 | 56.4 ± 12.3 | 0.023 |
Male, n (%) | 78,757 (43.1) | 145,442 (48.9) | 0.117 | 70,379 (44.5) | 70,470 (44.5) | 0.001 |
Race, n (%) | ||||||
White | 109,518 (59.9) | 168,710 (56.7) | 0.064 | 94,715 (59.9) | 96,109 (60.7) | 0.018 |
African American | 29,415 (16.1) | 48,819 (16.4) | 0.009 | 25,336 (16.0) | 25,268 (16.0) | 0.001 |
Asian | 5723 (3.1) | 18,951 (6.4) | 0.153 | 5459 (3.5) | 4937 (3.1) | 0.019 |
Other | 5263 (2.9) | 9945 (3.3) | 0.027 | 4634 (2.9) | 4552 (2.9) | 0.003 |
Unknown | 30,741 (16.8) | 46,529 (15.6) | 0.032 | 26,056 (16.5) | 25,258 (16.0) | 0.014 |
Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||||
Hispanic or Latino | 17,879 (9.8) | 30,816 (10.4) | 0.019 | 15,534 (9.8) | 15,930 (10.1) | 0.008 |
Not Hispanic or Latino | 112,108 (61.3) | 185,617 (62.4) | 0.023 | 97,292 (61.5) | 98,138 (62) | 0.011 |
Unknown Ethnicity | 52,928 (28.9) | 81,057 (27.2) | 0.038 | 45,398 (28.7) | 44,156 (27.9) | 0.017 |
Lifestyles, n (%) | ||||||
Problems related to lifestyle | 6019 (3.3) | 7279 (2.4) | 0.051 | 4579 (2.9) | 4495 (2.8) | 0.003 |
Tobacco use | 4722 (2.6) | 6377 (2.1) | 0.029 | 3838 (2.4) | 3778 (2.4) | 0.002 |
Alcohol related disorders | 1894 (1) | 3991 (1.3) | 0.028 | 1699 (1.1) | 1723 (1.1) | 0.001 |
Nicotine dependence | 12,523 (6.8) | 19,934 (6.7) | 0.006 | 10,673 (6.7) | 10,658 (6.7) | < 0.001 |
Socioeconomic status, n (%) | ||||||
Persons with potential health hazards related to socioeconomic and psychosocial circumstances | 2115 (1.2) | 2942 (1) | 0.016 | 1680 (1.1) | 1680 (1.1) | < 0.001 |
Problems related to employment | ||||||
and unemployment | 219 (0.1) | 314 (0.1) | 0.004 | 176 (0.1) | 212 (0.1) | 0.007 |
Problems related to housing and | ||||||
economic circumstances | 679 (0.4) | 1153 (0.4) | 0.003 | 580 (0.4) | 571 (0.4) | 0.001 |
History of cancer, n (%) | ||||||
Family history of primary malignant neoplasm | 4219 (2.3) | 4935 (1.7) | 0.046 | 3276 (2.1) | 3253 (2.1) | 0.001 |
Personal history of malignant neoplasm | 1659 (0.9) | 3495 (1.2) | 0.026 | 1500 (0.9) | 1470 (0.9) | 0.002 |
Genetic susceptibility to malignant neoplasm | 51 (0.0) | 38 (0.0) | 0.011 | 41 (0.0) | 31 (0.0) | 0.004 |
Comorbidity, n (%) | ||||||
Asthma | 14,585 (8) | 16,748 (5.6) | 0.093 | 11,127 (7) | 11,138 (7) | < 0.001 |
COPD | 7426 (4.1) | 14,408 (4.8) | 0.038 | 6598 (4.2) | 6643 (4.2) | 0.001 |
Respiratory failure history | 3101 (1.7) | 7444 (2.5) | 0.056 | 2836 (1.8) | 2888 (1.8) | 0.002 |
Other interstitial pulmonary diseases | 876 (0.5) | 1735 (0.6) | 0.014 | 765 (0.5) | 751 (0.5) | 0.001 |
Pulmonary fibrosis, unspecified | 479 (0.3) | 1148 (0.4) | 0.022 | 428 (0.3) | 452 (0.3) | 0.003 |
Hypertensive diseases | 98,247 (53.7) | 151,692 (51) | 0.055 | 82,195 (51.9) | 81,795 (51.7) | 0.005 |
Heart failure | 11,017 (6) | 21,911 (7.4) | 0.054 | 9758 (6.2) | 9727 (6.1) | 0.001 |
Ischemic heart diseases | 23,525 (12.9) | 43,942 (14.8) | 0.055 | 20,681 (13.1) | 20,593 (13.0) | 0.002 |
Dyslipidemia | 90,218 (49.3) | 132,204 (44.4) | 0.098 | 74,274 (46.9) | 74,039 (46.8) | 0.003 |
Overweight and obesity | 57,050 (31.2) | 52,001 (17.5) | 0.324 | 41,576 (26.3) | 41,013 (25.9) | 0.008 |
Cerebrovascular diseases | 8038 (4.4) | 18,072 (6.1) | 0.076 | 7331 (4.6) | 7309 (4.6) | 0.001 |
Diseases of arteries, arterioles and capillaries | 10,202 (5.6) | 19,806 (6.7) | 0.045 | 8940 (5.7) | 8928 (5.6) | < 0.001 |
Chronic kidney disease | 15,547 (8.5) | 32,209 (10.8) | 0.079 | 13,942 (8.8) | 13,815 (8.7) | 0.003 |
Transplanted organ | 1715 (0.9) | 3980 (1.3) | 0.038 | 1571 (1.0) | 1569 (1.0) | < 0.001 |
Medication, n (%) | ||||||
Insulin | 66,023 (36.1) | 73,485 (24.7) | 0.250 | 48,675 (30.8) | 47,768 (30.2) | 0.012 |
Biguanides | 79,312 (43.4) | 101,964 (34.3) | 0.187 | 62,986 (39.8) | 62,616 (39.6) | 0.005 |
SGLT2i | 17,084 (9.3) | 9535 (3.2) | 0.255 | 9566 (6.0) | 8854 (5.6) | 0.019 |
Sulfonylureas | 35,752 (19.5) | 60,058 (20.2) | 0.016 | 30,865 (19.5) | 30,856 (19.5) | < 0.001 |
Thiazolidinediones | 8036 (4.4) | 12,682 (4.3) | 0.006 | 6845 (4.3) | 6888 (4.4) | 0.001 |
Alpha glucosidase inhibitors | 402 (0.2) | 628 (0.2) | 0.002 | 344 (0.2) | 341 (0.2) | < 0.001 |
Other blood glucose lowering drugs | 1704 (0.9) | 2563 (0.9) | 0.007 | 1363 (0.9) | 1385 (0.9) | 0.001 |
Lipid modifying agents | 78,515 (42.9) | 115,970 (39) | 0.080 | 64,672 (40.9) | 64,466 (40.7) | 0.003 |
ACEI | 48,780 (26.7) | 72,466 (24.4) | 0.053 | 40,307 (25.5) | 40,096 (25.3) | 0.003 |
ARBs | 29,045 (15.9) | 39,343 (13.2) | 0.075 | 23,409 (14.8) | 23,318 (14.7) | 0.002 |
Beta-blocker | 43,123 (23.6) | 74,487 (25) | 0.034 | 37,115 (23.5) | 37,022 (23.4) | 0.001 |
Calcium channel blockers | 30,067 (16.4) | 50,960 (17.1) | 0.019 | 25,630 (16.2) | 25,375 (16.0) | 0.004 |
Diuretics | 48,202 (26.4) | 72,774 (24.5) | 0.043 | 40,153 (25.4) | 39,861 (25.2) | 0.004 |
Hypnotics and sedatives | 26,779 (14.6) | 43,606 (14.7) | 0.001 | 22,517 (14.2) | 22,484 (14.2) | 0.001 |
NSAID | 17,343 (9.5) | 21,112 (7.1) | 0.087 | 13,544 (8.6) | 13,378 (8.5) | 0.004 |
Laboratory, mean ± SD | ||||||
Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 8.6 ± 2.3 | 8.2 ± 2.1 | 0.181 | 8.6 ± 2.3 | 8.4 ± 2.2 | 0.053 |
BMI(kg/m2) | 36.8 ± 8.2 | 33.0 ± 7.7 | 0.485 | 36.1 ± 8.0 | 35.5 ± 7.9 | 0.074 |
Albumin (g/dL) | 4.1 ± 0.5 | 4.0 ± 0.6 | 0.145 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 0.043 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.4 ± 1.9 | 12.9 ± 2.1 | 0.213 | 13.3 ± 1.9 | 13.2 ± 2.0 | 0.067 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 85.0 ± 26.2 | 78.0 ± 28.8 | 0.253 | 83.1 ± 26.0 | 83.5 ± 28.1 | 0.015 |
Sodium(mmol/L) | 138.2 ± 3.0 | 138.1 ± 3.3 | 0.035 | 138.3 ± 3.1 | 138.0 ± 3.2 | 0.078 |
UACR (mg/g) | 483.0 ± 10968.1 | 486.0 ± 11808.7 | < 0.001 | 413.9 ± 7137.6 | 525.7 ± 14007.4 | 0.010 |
LDL (mg/dL) | 91.7 ± 38.7 | 91.4 ± 39.2 | 0.006 | 90.9 ± 38.7 | 93.6 ± 39.4 | 0.068 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 198.4 ± 208.8 | 184 ± 191.2 | 0.072 | 195.3 ± 201.7 | 194.4 ± 211.3 | 0.004 |
ALT (U/L) | 31.7 ± 44.4 | 31.1 ± 45.6 | 0.012 | 31.4 ± 46.9 | 32.3 ± 40.5 | 0.021 |
AST (U/L) | 26.0 ± 53.3 | 27.1 ± 48.9 | 0.021 | 26.0 ± 57.7 | 27 ± 39.4 | 0.019 |
Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 85.6 ± 35.5 | 85.3 ± 45.3 | 0.007 | 85.5 ± 36.1 | 85.2 ± 42.3 | 0.010 |
