Fig. 1

Anatomical and structural representation of the human spine. (a) CT scan of the lumbar spine, highlighting the lumbar region. (b) Zoomed-in view of the lumbar vertebrae (L1–L5) and intervertebral discs (IVD). (c) Structure of the intervertebral disc, showing the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus. (d) Structure of the spine vertebrae, illustrating cortical and cancellous bone with the Haversian system. (e) Full anatomical categorization of the spine, distinguishing cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions.