Fig. 6

Automated segmentation and 3D visualization of the lumbar spine (L1–L5):(a) Detailed visualization of the segmented lumbar spine, with the annulus, nucleus, and cancellous regions colored separately.(b) Alternative view highlighting the spatial distribution of the segmented components. (c) 3D visualization of the nucleus and annulus geometries.These visualizations support accurate biomechanical modeling and FEA.