Table 1 Sample characteristics.

From: Associations between perceived excessive maternal control in childhood, well-being, and dorsal striatum volume in older adults

 

Maternal care

Maternal autonomy

Maternal control

 

Low

Medium

High

Statistic

N

Low

Medium

High

Statistic

N

Low

Medium

High

Statistic

N

N

81

178

142

 

401

86

159

169

 

414

104

183

126

 

413

PBI score range

14–34

35–42

43–48

  

9–17

18–21

22–28

  

5–6

7–10

11–20

  

Parental Bonding Instrument – Mother questionnaire

Care

29.72 (4.23)

38.89 (2.15)

45.42 (1.76)

χ2(2) = 344.9, p <.001

401

34.75 (7.06)

38.46 (5.05)

42.58 (4.88)

χ2(2) = 95.7, p <.001

395

42.48 (5.25)

39.32 (5.65)

36.8 (6.72)

χ2(2) = 49.7, p <.001

393

Autonomy

17.6 (3.63)

20.18 (3.1)

22.57 (3.09)

F(2,398) = 63.5, p <.001

401

15.35 (1.93)

19.64 (1.05)

24.09 (1.80)

χ2(2) = 360.3, p <.001

414

22.8 (3.24)

20.44 (3.31)

18.37 (3.55)

F(2,410) = 49.2, p <.001

413

Control

10.85 (3.46)

9.11 (2.97)

8.05 (2.95)

χ2(2) = 37.9, p <.001

393

11.27 (3.58)

9.52 (2.93)

7.57 (2.51)

χ2(2) = 75.5, p <.001

402

5.41 (0.49)

8.35 (1.06)

13.19 (2.05)

χ2(2) = 361.9, p <.001

413

Participant demographics and relevant adulthood characteristics

Gender (% female)

49.38

42.7

52.11

χ2(2) = 3, p =.226

452

60.47

40.88

50.89

χ2(2) = 9, p =.011

452

45.19

43.17

57.94

χ2(2) = 7, p =.030

452

Age

70.09 (0.71)

70.21 (0.72)

70.09 (0.8)

F(2,398) = 1.2, p =.290

452

70.12 (0.69)

70.18 (0.77)

70.14 (0.74)

F(2,411) = 0.2, p =.822

452

70.11 (0.76)

70.09 (0.77)

70.26 (0.69)

F(2,410) = 2.3, p =.107

452

Townsend

− 0.60 (3.18)

−1.23 (2.73)

− 0.79 (2.71)

χ2(2) = 4.9, p =.088

391

−1.08 (2.59)

−1.04 (2.78)

− 0.71 (2.79)

χ2(2) = 1.8, p =.414

403

− 0.88 (2.29)

− 0.94 (2.91)

− 0.8 (3.12)

χ2(2) = 1.2, p =.539

402

APOE (% ϵ4 carrier)

25.71

27.22

25

χ2(2) = 0.2, p =.912

352

26.76

27.14

24.34

χ2(2) = 0.3, p =.847

363

26.09

30.12

20.75

χ2(2) = 2.9, p =.231

364

BMI

27.7 (4.44)

27.41 (4.54)

27.97 (4.80)

χ2(2) = 1.6, p =.448

396

27.11 (4.78)

28.12 (4.71)

27.29 (4.32)

χ2(2) = 4.9, p =.088

409

26.94 (3.97)

27.71 (4.47)

28.01 (5.07)

χ2(2) = 2.3, p =.318

408

GM

38.14 (1.59)

38.46 (1.59)

38.28 (1.95)

F(2,398) = 1.1, p =.340

401

38.52 (1.73)

38.33 (1.59)

38.31 (1.93)

F(2,411) = 0.5, p =.633

414

38.30 (1.82)

38.25 (1.73)

38.42 (1.68)

F(2,410) = 0.4, p =.701

413

WM

36.67 (1.51)

36.76 (1.41)

36.68 (1.46)

F(2,398) = 0.2, p =.849

401

36.52 (1.60)

36.72 (1.36)

36.82 (1.45)

F(2,411) = 1.3, p =.280

414

36.71 (1.43)

36.84 (1.41)

36.59 (1.53)

F(2,410) = 1.2, p =.316

413

CSF

25.19 (2.15)

24.78 (2.15)

25.04 (2.55)

F(2,398) = 1.1, p =.347

401

24.96 (2.44)

24.94 (2.07)

24.87 (2.56)

F(2,411) = 0.1, p =.941

414

24.98 (2.46)

24.91 (2.37)

24.99 (2.23)

F(2,410) = 0.1, p =.942

413

Early life factors

Birthweight (kg)

3.35 (0.48)

3.45 (0.47)

3.46 (0.52)

F(2,397) = 1.5, p =.235

400

3.38 (0.51)

3.43 (0.52)

3.46 (0.45)

F(2,410) = 0.7, p =.494

413

3.44 (0.42)

3.48 (0.48)

3.34 (0.53)

χ2(2) = 5.1, p =.077

412

Pubertal growth

− 0.06 (0.22)

− 0.04 (0.26)

− 0.003(0.26)

F(2,398) = 1.6, p =.205

401

− 0.08 (0.21)

− 0.03 (0.27)

− 0.02 (0.25)

F(2,411) = 1.4, p =.237

414

− 0.06 (0.26)

− 0.01

(0.26)

− 0.06 (0.24)

F(2,410) = 2.1, p =.125

413

Social class of father

56.06

65.43

63.2

χ2(2) = 1.8, p =.412

353

57.89

63.24

64.43

χ2(2) = 0.9, p =.620

361

60.67

64.02

60.55

χ2(2) = 0.4, p =.800

362

Social class at 22yo

98.68

91.98

92.54

χ2(2) = 4.2, p =.122

372

97.47

91.84

93.04

χ2(2) = 2.8, p =.251

384

92.93

94.05

93.91

χ2(2) = 0.1, p =.931

382

Mental Health

Well-being

52.65 (7.4)

55.45 (7.15)

56.21 (7.21)

F(2,381) = 6.3, p =.002

384

53.41 (6.84)

54.57 (7.65)

56.6 (6.87)

F(2,393) = 6.2, p =.002

396

57.46 (7.21)

54.85 (7.15)

53.69 (7.03)

F(2,392) = 7.9, p <.001

395

Cognition

MMSE

29.31 (0.77)

[27–30]

29.26 (1.09) [22–30]

29.25 (0.99) [23–30]

χ2(2) = 0.3, p =.853

401

29.43 (0.68) [27–30]

29.12 (1.22)

[22–30]

29.33 (0.86) [26–30]

χ2(2) = 2.8, p =.243

414

29.12 (1.11) [23–30]

29.23 (1.04) [22–30]

29.41 (0.85) [25–30]

χ2(2) = 5.1, p =.077

413

Word-list memory test

24.05 (5.29)

23.9 (5.96)

23.57 (5.94)

F(2,389) = 0.2, p =.818

392

24.32 (5.94)

23.42 (5.86)

23.88 (5.68)

F(2,402) = 0.7, p =.503

405

23.82 (6.47)

23.82 (5.49)

23.99 (5.58)

F(2,401) = 0.04, p =.962

404

  1. Note. Unless otherwise specified, descriptive statistics refer to means and standard deviations: M(SD). For clarity of interpretation, table refers to brain volumes adjusted for total brain volume only (brain structure/total brain volume*100). Statistics refer to simple group differences (one-way ANOVAs, Kruskall-Wallis, chi2 tests as applicable) conducted list-wise (results in bold are significant); Age refers to age at the time of scanning; Townsend Index refers to economic status at the age of 53 years old; BMI = Body Mass Index; BMI refers to measurements done when participants were 69 years old; GM = Grey Matter; WM = White Matter; CSF = Cerebrospinal fluid; Pubertal growth refers to velocity of growth and is estimated for ages up to 15 years old using a growth curve analysis (Super-Imposition by Translation And Rotation) that relates pubertal growth to bone health in later life82; Social class of father when child was 15 years old corresponds to class of occupations in 1970 (% skilled non manual: professional, intermediate, skilled non-manual); Social class when participants were 22 years old was used as a proxy for education (% skilled non-manual: foreman, professional, middle non-manual, middle – rest incl. officers, skilled – forces, ranks); Well-being was measured using the WEMHS68, which was self-administered when participants were 68 years old57; MMSE was assessed at the time of MRI scanning and descriptives above include M(SD) and [range]; The word-list memory test was assessed at the age of 69 years old using a typical recall task (remembering as many words as possible from a previously presented set); the variable was available as a derived score representing the sum of three word-list memory test trials, where each trial was scored for the total number of different correct words recalled (and therefore higher scores represent better memory)59,83.
Back to article page