Table 4 Summary comparsion.

Hwang et al

Crater-like 2D mats (crater-area porosity 46–52%, superficial infiltration)

Low porosity, poor 3D structure, missing mechanical/cell data

 > 97% volumetric porosity; true 3D nanofibrous structure; fully quantified

⁷⁴

Bakhtiary et al

SPION-laden wet-spun scaffolds; improved PBS uptake and neural differentiation

No volumetric porosity or kPa mechanical data

Measured porosity, hydration, kPa-range mechanics, and long-term viability

⁸¹

Du et al

Enhanced strength, hydrophilicity, ROS scavenging, tissue repair in 2D mats

2D only; no 3D porosity or neural mechanics data

3D structure, > 97% porosity, hydration control, kPa mechanics, 3D integration

⁸²

Perez–Puyana et al

Fiber alignment effects on 2D mechanics

Structural discontinuities, no porosity control, limited infiltration

Open 3D network, high porosity, mechanically tuned, improved cellular use

⁸³