Fig. 10
From: Hybrid signal decomposition and deep learning framework for vehicle–vehicle crash forecasting

: Residual plots; (a) VMD-LSTM; (b) VMD-GRU; (c) VMD-TCN; (d) VMD-WaveNet; (e) CEEMDAN-LSTM; (f) CEEMDAN-GRU; (g) CEEMDAN-TCN; (h) CEEMDAN-WaveNet.