Fig. 4

Data-driven DAGs depict the influence of death as a competing risk when evaluating CVAE and CKD outcomes. The node represents the event. The edge (arrow) represents time-ordered sequences of events and displays two statistics, relative-antecedent frequency, which is the proportion of source (antecedent) cases directly followed by the target cases; and median duration (in brackets) from antecedent event to the target event.