Table 6 Game matrix of contradiction c1 when an ant is foraging.

From: A contradiction-centered model for the emergence of swarm intelligence

Exploration

Exploitation

Competition (entering the place with more pheromone)

Cooperation (entering the place with less pheromone)

Competition (Wandering randomly)

\(\:(\varDelta\:{P}_{{new}_{r}},\:\varDelta\:{P}_{{old}_{m}})\)

\(\:(\varDelta\:{P}_{{new}_{r}},\:\varDelta\:{P}_{{old}_{l}})\)

Cooperation (Tracing routes)

\(\:(\varDelta\:{P}_{{new}_{t}},\:\varDelta\:{P}_{{old}_{m}})\)

\(\:(\varDelta\:{P}_{{new}_{t}},\:\varDelta\:{P}_{{old}_{l}})\)