Fig. 2

Evaluating the cell lines’ migration dynamics by single-cell tracking. Cell migration was monitored over 72 h, and individual cell trajectories were analyzed using semi-automated tracking in CellTracker. Quantitative parameters – Mean velocity, Displacement (AUC), Directionality ratio, and MSD (AUC) – were calculated. Data represent the mean ± SEM (N ≈ 200–270 cells per condition; 3 plates × 3 wells × 2 fields, number of trackable cells varied by image). Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test; p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.