Fig. 6

Evaluating nintedanib’s effect on cell migration by single-cell tracking. Cells were treated with 1 or 2 µM nintedanib, and migration was monitored for 72 h. Single-cell trajectories were analyzed using semi-automatic tracking (CellTracker), and migration parameters, mean velocity, displacement, directionality ratio, and MSD, were calculated. Data represent mean ± 95% CI (N ≈ 240–340 cells per condition; 3 plates × 3 wells × 2 fields, number of trackable cells varied by image). Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test; p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.