Table 4 Impact of feedback generation operators on model performance. This table shows the effect of enabling or disabling the Problem Formulation Operator and Programming Operator during feedback generation, under a fixed parameter setting (P=10, Q=10, R=5) and 500 total optimisation steps. The highest test dataset accuracy is achieved when both operators are active. Removing either operator results in a notable performance drop, highlighting the complementary role of both operator types in generating effective feedback.

From: Feedback-integrated prompt optimiser for problem formulation

Parameter setting (P, Q, R)

Availability of problem formulation operator

Availability of programming operator

Total number of steps

Test dataset accuracy %

(10, 10, 5)

\({\checkmark }\)

\({\checkmark }\)

500

54%

(10, 10, 5)

✗

\({\checkmark }\)

500

31%

(10, 10, 5)

\({\checkmark }\)

✗

500

37%