Fig. 6
From: Developmental toxicity of fluconazole and 1,2,4-triazole in Xenopus laevis
Summary of molecular and phenotypic effects of fluconazole (FLU) and 1,2,4-triazole (TRI) exposure on early Xenopus laevis development. Embryos were continuously exposed to FLU or TRI from NF stage 3 (upper row) to NF stage 45 (lower row) and subsequently analyzed, with embryos treated with vehicle solution serving as negative controls. Both azole compounds disrupt key embryonic signaling pathways, leading to upregulation (e.g., xbra, xolloid) and upward trends (e.g., β-catenin, chordin, noggin) in Wnt- and BMP-related genes, together with head and gut malformations, altered pigmentation, and increased heart rate. These findings highlight the developmental toxicity of azole compounds and their potential ecological impact on aquatic vertebrates. The azole ring is highlighted in light blue in the chemical structures of both compounds.
