Fig. 4

Convolutional neural network model construction flowchart. Collecting ECG data from hyperkalemic dialysis patients in both hyperkalemic and normokalemic states. After bandpass filtering between 3–48 Hz, two preprocessing methods were applied: extracted heartbeat and continuous data stream. The continuous sliding window approach was used to select the optimal window length and the number of convolutional channels for the convolutional neural network. A comparison was made to assess the advantages and disadvantages of the two preprocessing methods.