Table 2 Results of construct validity and reliability analysis.

Latent variable	Measurement variable	Mean	Std. Dev	Factor loadings	⍺	CR	AVE
DIS	DIS1	2.456	0.920	0.788	0.912	0.917	0.788
	DIS2			0.968
	DIS3			0.898
PLOTC	PLOTC1	3.728	0.869	0.926	0.854	0.859	0.754
PLOTC	PLOTC2	3.728	0.869	0.806	0.854	0.859	0.754
IE	IE1	2.887	0.865	0.751	0.862	0.864	0.681
	IE2			0.875
	IE3			0.844
COT	COT1	3.191	0.929	0.746	0.885	0.888	0.728
	COT2			0.872
	COT3			0.931
SC	SC1	2.768	0.884	0.823	0.851	0.851	0.655
	SC2			0.801
	SC3			0.804
HAB	HAB1	3.157	0.871	0.800	0.870	0.871	0.693
	HAB2			0.836
	HAB3			0.860
IN	IN1	2.322	0.941	0.730	0.827	0.837	0.634
	IN2			0.911
	IN3			0.734
ATT	ATT1	3.854	0.695	0.748	0.870	0.872	0.695
	ATT2			0.866
	ATT3			0.880
PEOU	PEOU1	3.455	0.794	0.823	0.901	0.902	0.696
	PEOU2			0.806
	PEOU3			0.833
	PEOU4			0.874
PE	PE1	3.700	0.744	0.797	0.851	0.851	0.656
	PE2			0.829
	PE3			0.803
PP	PP1	3.973	0.744	0.920	0.908	0.911	0.773
	PP2			0.844
	PP3			0.873
ITS	ITS1	3.326	0.812	0.649	0.816	0.836	0.561
	ITS2			0.814
	ITS3			0.740
	ITS4			0.783

DIS dissatisfaction with traditional painting tools, PLOTC perceived technology uncontrol, IE inconsistent expectations, COT consumption of time, SC switching cost, HAB habit, IN individual non-innovation, ATT attractiveness of AI painting tools, PEOU perceived ease of use, PE perceived efficiency, PP perceived pleasure, ITS intention to switch to AI painting tools.

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