Fig. 1

PKHD1L1 expression is downregulated in LUAD. (A) PKHD1L1 mRNA expression across various cancers, sourced from the TIMER database. (B) Comparison of PKHD1L1 expression between normal and tumor samples in the TCGA-LUAD dataset. (C) Pairwise expression analysis of PKHD1L1 in normal and tumor samples from the TCGA-LUAD cohort. (D–G) Validation of PKHD1L1 expression levels in normal versus tumor tissues via three independent datasets from the GSE dataset related to LUAD. (H) Protein Atlas (THPA) database confirmation of PKHD1L1 levels in LUAD samples compared with nontumor samples. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 indicate statistical significance.