Table 3 Semi-variogram of the LER from 1985 to 2022.

From: Spatiotemporal evolution of landscape ecological risk and its driving factors of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei major mineral belt, 1985–2022

Year

Model

Nug(C0)

Still (C + C0)

C0/(C + C0)/%

Range(m)

R2

Residual (×10 − 9)

1985

Gaussian model

0.000003

0.000014

77.10

206806.87

0.979

0.045

1990

Gaussian model

0.000093

0.000361

74.10

196414.56

0.980

2.468

1995

Gaussian model

0.000094

0.000321

70.80

177535.21

0.974

2.275

2000

Gaussian model

0.000101

0.000307

67.10

184809.82

0.960

2.940

2005

Gaussian model

0.000097

0.000289

66.40

201264.30

0.962

2.508

2010

Gaussian model

0.000106

0.000275

61.20

209231.74

0.936

3.409

2015

Gaussian model

0.000109

0.000253

56.70

203169.56

0.889

4.478

2020

Gaussian model

0.000108

0.000237

54.40

195721.74

0.872

4.198

2022

Gaussian model

0.000125

0.000251

50.20

234866.09

0.872

3.928