Table 2 Hazard ratios for cardiovascular disease-related mortality events among study participants grouped by diabetic retinopathy status.

From: Diabetic retinopathy further increases risk of cardiovascular disease mortality in a high-risk cohort

Diabetic retinopathy

severity

N (%)

Age-sex adjusted

HR (95% CI)

p-value

Multivariable adjusted

HR model 1 (95% CI)*

p-value

Multivariable adjusted

HR model 2 (95% CI)**

p-value

No DR

1227/1582 (77.6)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Any DR

355/1582 (22.4)

2.39 (1.77–3.22)

< 0.0001

1.84 (1.30–2.61)

< 0.0001

1.80 (1.21–2.70)

0.004

Mild NPDR

210/1582 (13.3)

2.20 (1.55–3.14)

< 0.0001

1.85 (1.26–2.72)

0.002

1.70 (1.08–2.68)

0.02

Moderate to severe NPDR

124/1582 (7.8)

2.30 (1.44–3.67)

0.0005

1.50 (0.86–2.60)

0.16

1.82 (0.96–3.44)

0.07

Proliferative DR

21/1582 (1.3)

6.67 (3.09–14.38)

< 0.0001

5.27 (2.32–12.00)

< 0.0001

4.67 (1.60–13.62)

0.005

  1. CI,  confidence intervals; HR, hazard ratio; DR , diabetic retinopathy; NPDR , non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
  2. *Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, total cholesterol, smoking status, history of diabetes, acute myocardial infarction, history of stroke and hypertension.
  3. **Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, total cholesterol, smoking status, history of diabetes, acute myocardial infarction, history of stroke, hypertension, and Gensini score.
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