Table 2 Toxicity of Cu/GO NPs against Rhipicephalus rutilus and Rh. turanicus adults after 24-, 48-, 72-, and 96 h post-treatment.

From: Effects of copper/graphene oxide core-shell nanoparticles on Rhipicephalus ticks and their detoxification enzymes

Treatment

LC50 mg ml−1 (95% CL)

LC95 mg ml−1 (95% CL)

Slope ± SE

X2

P value

(P> 0.05)

Synthesis conditions

Time interval (hours)

Rh. rutilus

Rh. turanicus

Rh. rutilus

Rh. turanicus

Rh. rutilus

Rh. turanicus

Rh. rutilus

Rh. turanicus

Rh. rutilus

Rh. turanicus

100/45

24

792.9

(533.2-1,550)

710.7

(518.2-1,825)

13,547

(9,421 − 18,550)

12,863

(8,014–17,185)

2.38 ± 2.12

1.56 ± 0.85

7.870

5.536

0.0821

0.0282

48

707.7

(506.2-1,388)

624.3

(422.8-1,478)

12,557

(8,175 − 19,713)

12,086

(7,417 − 20,691)

3.38 ± 2.12

1.52 ± 0.79

6.868

5.581

0.0843

0.0232

72

631.0

(418.7-1,593)

529.9

(406.5-1,125)

12,151

(8,628 − 21,952)

11,789

(7,102 − 19,731)

1.39 ± 0.78

0.70 ± 0.51

4.790

2.128

0.0298

0.0466

96

619.2

(355.9-1,382)

482.9

(364.3-1,674)

11,884

(7,514 − 18,195)

11,439

(8,319 − 21,827)

1.63 ± 0.83

0.85 ± 0.51

6.419

3.151

0.0222

0.0277

120/15

24

606.9

(327.7–972.6)

686.7

(411.3-1,919)

12,404

(7,252 − 18,435)

11,247

(8,556 − 22,753)

0.43 ± 0.75

0.45 ± 0.42

1.040

1.173

0.1318

0.1401

48

561.8

(402.9-1,444)

628.3

(316.8-1,024)

11,248

(9,522 − 21,82)

10,902

(7,614 − 18,731)

0.45 ± 0.42

0.62 ± 0.42

1.173

2.216

0.1401

0.0790

72

406.1

(226.8-1,031)

571.8

(316.2–981.5)

10,935

(8,332 − 19,282)

10,388

(7,226 − 17,332)

0.34 ± 0.40

0.26 ± 0.40

0.662

1.420

0.2543

0.3263

96

376.5

(208.8–861.6)

401.2

(200.5–981.8)

10,322

(6,224 − 17,312)

9,752

(5,405 − 16,242)

0.40 ± 0.40

0.45 ± 0.39

1.025

1.283

0.2364

0.2111

120/30

24

581.5

(382.3–888.4)

526.5

(316.2-1.052)

10,049

(7,127 − 18,379)

9,605

(6,913 − 15,922)

0.62 ± 0.42

0.33 ± 0.40

2.216

0.662

0.0790

0.2543

48

512.0

(286.1–825.5)

487.6

(229.8–912.8)

9,751

(5,722 − 14,823)

9,398

(4,341 − 13,725)

0.46 ± 0.40

0.56 ± 0.40

1.137

2.000

0.1736

0.1415

72

436.8

(195.8–909.4)

316.8

(185.9–732.2)

9,002

(4,923 − 16,253)

8,336

(3,941 − 17,323)

0.51 ± 0.40

0.30 ± 0.39

1.675

0.605

0.1603

0.4456

96

387.6

(195.6–835.7)

197.7

(86.5–722.6)

8,854

(4,392 − 13,823)

7,521

(3,221 − 12,825)

0.56 ± 0.44

0.50 ± 0.39

2.000

1.634

0.1415

0.2505

180/45

24

248.1

(93.7–629.3)

195.7

(79.5–533.1)

5,111

(2,812-8,322)

4,667

(1,923-7,271)

0.98 ± 0.41

0.76 ± 0.40

5.881

3.661

0.0259

0.0871

48

142.3

(88.9–577.6)

87.8

(59.5–377.2)

4,886

(925.3-6,822)

3,697

(869.3-5,001)

0.76 ± 0.56

0.57 ± 0.39

3.725

2.055

0.1036

0.2709

72

91.2

(50.5–381.2)

75.7

(44.8–288.7)

4,002

(992.3-6,100)

2,188

(810.7-4,021)

0.69 ± 0.52

0.91 ± 0.42

3.040

4.955

0.1763

0.0959

96

59.1

(35.8–273.8)

47.5

(29.7–255.7)

3,514

(901.5-5,152)

1,956

(682.7-3,720)

0.96 ± 0.42

0.94 ± 0.43

5.310

4.832

0.1024

0.1365

Abamectin

24

33.1

(20.2–50.8)

25.3

(17.8–30.8)

110.5

(77.9–243.8)

96.7

(75.1–195.8)

0.83 ± 0.31

1.01 ± 0.14

0.521

0.662

0.0514

0.2145

48

20.9

(11.8–30.7)

18.6

(10.5–21.8)

98.2

(79.8–192.3)

73.0

(62.8–110.1)

1.77 ± 0.15

1.35 ± 0.16

0.669

0.715

0.1579

0.8820

72

13.7

(9.8–19.2)

11.0

(8.5–17.9)

90.5

(73.3–119.2)

88.2

(62.5–100.9)

1.81 ± 0.11

1.57 ± 0.40

0.488

0.522

0.0335

0.3157

96

10.1

(6.2–15.8)

8.8

(3.3–16.8)

71.9

(58.1–92.3)

70.5

(55.9–94.8)

1.97 ± 0.02

2.01 ± 0.19

0.371

0.261

0.1176

0.2525

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