Table 2 Descriptive and univariable logistic regression results for risk factors evaluated for 278 dogs with the diagnosis insulinoma compared to randomly selected controls (n = 750,000) attending UK VetCompass primary care veterinary practices in 2019. Column percentages shown in brackets.

Sex/neuter

 Female entire

41

(14.75)

196,469

(26.20)

Ref**

 Female neutered

112

(40.29)

159,063

(21.21)

3.37

2.36–4.83

 Male entire

59

(21.22)

221,981

(29.60)

1.27

0.86–1.90

 Male neutered

64

(23.02)

166,132

(22.15)

1.85

1.25–2.73

Unrecorded

2

(0.72)

6,355

(0.85)

1.51

0.37–6.24

Age at time of diagnosis

(insulinoma cases) and age at December 31, 2019 (non-cases insulinoma)

 0 - <6

14

(5.04)

413,785

(55,18)

0.08

0.05–0.14

 6 - <9

61

(21.94)

144,923

(19.32)

Ref

 9 - <12

121

(43.53)

108,324

(14.44)

2.65

1.95–3.61

 12 - <15

68

(24.46)

61,082

(8.14)

2.65

1.87–3.74

 ≥ 15

4

(1.44)

16,049

(2.14)

0.59

0.22–1.63

 Unrecorded

10

(3.60)

5,837

(0.78)

4.07

2.08–7.95

Median adult bodyweight

 < 10 kg

74

(26.62)

180,547

(24.07)

Ref

 10 - <20 kg

57

(20.50)

158,608

(21.15)

0.88

0.62–1.24

 20 - <30 kg

72

(25.90)

99,861

(13.31)

1.76

1.27–2.43

 ≥ 30 kg

49

(17.63)

74,719

(9.96)

1.60

1.12–2.30

 Unrecorded

26

(9.35)

236,265

(31.50)

0.27

0.17–0.42

Purebred

 Crossbreed

67

(24.10)

178,929

(23.86)

Ref

 Designer

9

(3.24)

50,018

(6.67)

0.48

0.24–0.96

 Purebred

202

(72.66)

516,602

(68.88)

1.04

0.79–1.38

 Unrecorded

0

(0.0)

4,451

(0.59)

0

0

Median adult bodyweight in relation to the median for the sex/breed

 At or below median adult bodyweight for the sex/breed

93

(33.45)

258,309

(34.44)

Ref

 Above median adult bodyweight for the sex/breed

159

(57.19)

254,911

(33.99)

1.73

1.34–2.24

 Unrecorded

26

(9.35)

236,780

(31.57)

0.31

0.20–0.47

Terrier

 Non-terrier

200

(71.94)

628,337

(83.78)

Ref

 Terrier

78

(28.06)

121,663

(16.22)

2.01

1.55–2.62

Breed predisposed for mammary gland cancer

 Not predisposed

174

(62.59)

509,167

(67.89)

Ref

 Predisposed

104

(37.41)

240,833

(32.11)

1.26

0.99–1.61

Breed predisposed for parathyroid cancer

 Not predisposed

226

(81.29)

676,957

(90.26)

Ref

 Predisposed

52

(18.71)

73,043

(9.74)

2.95

2.01–4.33

Breed predisposed for thyroid cancer

 Not predisposed

249

(89.57)

721,508

(96.20)

Ref

 Predisposed

29

(10.43)

28,492

(3.80)

2.13

1.58–2.88

Breed predisposed for pituitary/adrenal cancer

 Not predisposed

208

(74.82)

581,431

(77.52)

Ref

 Predisposed

70

(25.18)

168,569

(22.48)

1.16

0.89–1.52

Breed predisposed for parathyroid and/or thyroid cancer

 Not predisposed

224

(80.58)

669,361

(89.25)

Ref

 Predisposed

54

(19.42)

80,639

(10.75)

2.00

1.49–2.69

Breed predisposed for parathyroid and/or thyroid and/or pituitary/adrenal cancer

 Not predisposed

182

(65.47)

537,455

(71.66)

Ref

 Predisposed

96

(34.53)

212,545

(28.34)

1.33

1.04–1.71

Breed predisposed for reproductive endocrine organ cancer***

 Not predisposed

167

(60.07)

488,980

(65.20)

Ref

 Predisposed

111

(39.93)

261,020

(34.80)

1.25

0.98–1.58

Breed predisposed for testicular and/or ovarian cancer

 Not predisposed

241

(86.69)

673,744

(89.83)

Ref

 Predisposed

37

(13.31)

76,256

(10.17)

1.36

0.96–1.92

Breed predisposed for one or multiple types of endocrine cancer

 Not predisposed

157

(56.47)

419,527

(55.94)

Ref

 Predisposed

121

(43.53)

330,473

(44.06)

0.98

0.77–1.24