Fig. 4
Landscape pattern index of the study area from 2000 to 2020. The landscape pattern indices (PD, LPI, LSI, CONTAG, and SHEI) for the years 2000, 2010, and 2020 were calculated using Fragstats 4.2–64 (http://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats/fragstats.html), the landscape pattern index formula is shown in Table 2. The results were then mapped in ArcGIS v10.8 (https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-desktop/overview) and refined using Adobe Illustrator Artwork 28.0 for final composition. It is mainly calculated from the data presented in the Table 1.
