Table 1 Physicochemical parameters of soil in the topsoil (0–10 cm) layer and subsurface (10–20 cm) layer across seven different planting types.

From: Rubber intercropping with arboreal and herbaceous species alleviated the global warming potential through the reduction of soil greenhouse gas emissions

Treatments

Soil layer (cm)

pH

SOC (g.kg− 1)

DOC (mg.kg− 1)

TN (g.kg− 1)

TP (g.kg− 1)

TK (g.kg− 1)

AP (mg.kg− 1)

AK (mg.kg− 1)

NO3−-N (mg.kg− 1)

NH4+-N (mg.kg− 1)

AOM

0–10

4.29 ± 0.29 Da

6.75 ± 0.27 FGa

111.72 ± 1.79 Ca

0.59 ± 0.05 ABa

0.66 ± 0.06 Da

10.09 ± 0.71 CDEa

21.69 ± 0.93 EFa

52.10 ± 1.07 Aa

3.91 ± 0.24 Aa

1.80 ± 0.14 ABCa

10–20

4.28 ± 0.13 Da

5.85 ± 0.82 Ga

55.14 ± 0.32 FGb

0.65 ± 0.03 Aa

0.59 ± 0.03 DEa

10.67 ± 0.76 CDEa

14.17 ± 1.77 Gb

34.36 ± 2.07 EFb

3.63 ± 0.57 Aa

1.70 ± 0.07 ABCDa

AKH

0–10

4.21 ± 0.34 Da

9.20 ± 0.12 ABCa

137.80 ± 8.98 Ba

0.67 ± 0.12 Aa

0.55 ± 0.08 DEFa

12.40 ± 2.46 BCa

16.81 ± 1.40 FGa

43.23 ± 3.31 BCa

3.45 ± 0.85 Aa

2.03 ± 0.28 Aa

10–20

4.43 ± 0.31 CDa

8.23 ± 0.98 DEb

79.38 ± 9.55 Eb

0.40 ± 0.09 Cb

0.49 ± 0.07 EFa

14.37 ± 1.16 ABa

3.15 ± 0.90 Hb

37.68 ± 7.37 CDEFa

1.32 ± 0.45 EFGHb

1.46 ± 0.53 CDEFb

CAA

0–10

4.90 ± 0.28 Aba

9.59 ± 0.75 ABa

156.09 ± 4.59 Aa

0.45 ± 0.07 Cb

1.26 ± 0.11 Bb

8.89 ± 0.84 Ea

97.04 ± 3.47 Aa

41.30 ± 4.47 BCDEa

1.93 ± 0.07 CDEa

1.78 ± 0.11 ABCDa

10–20

5.02 ± 0.07 Aa

7.70 ± 0.82 Eb

98.47 ± 9.73 Db

0.60 ± 0.08 ABa

1.61 ± 0.06 Aa

9.75 ± 0.42 DEa

57.55 ± 3.23 Bb

35.69 ± 5.88 DEFa

1.26 ± 0.01 FGHb

1.59 ± 0.17 BCDEa

TCA

0–10

4.26 ± 0.26 Da

8.84 ± 0.12 ABCDa

95.58 ± 2.83 Da

0.58 ± 0.04 Aba

0.82 ± 0.13 Ca

10.40 ± 0.77 CDEa

46.53 ± 7.65 Ca

37.76 ± 7.01 CDEFa

1.71 ± 0.33 DEFGb

1.62 ± 0.30 ABCDa

10–20

4.23 ± 0.12 Da

9.69 ± 0.44 Aa

48.95 ± 4.45 Gb

0.68 ± 0.12 Aa

0.84 ± 0.01 Ca

11.83 ± 0.66 CDa

14.41 ± 0.43 Gb

31.21 ± 3.72 FGa

0.94 ± 0.38 Ba

1.93 ± 0.67 ABa

CCA

0–10

4.64 ± 0.14 BCa

8.51 ± 0.45 CDEa

83.58 ± 4.87 Ea

0.65 ± 0.08 Aa

0.61 ± 0.05 DEa

9.56 ± 0.39 DEa

27.76 ± 3.86 Da

25.41 ± 3.23 GHa

1.10 ± 0.07 GHa

0.82 ± 0.05 Ga

10–20

4.75 ± 0.04 ABCa

8.80 ± 0.18 ABCDa

50.99 ± 1.81 FGb

0.69 ± 0.02 Aba

0.65 ± 0.03 Da

10.57 ± 1.98 CDEa

24.73 ± 1.94 DEa

23.34 ± 4.47 Ha

1.53 ± 0.23 EFGHa

1.17 ± 0.19 EFGa

PAR

0–10

4.62 ± 0.12 BCa

8.30 ± 0.17 CDEa

60.16 ± 7.12 Fa

0.64 ± 0.06 Aa

0.79±-0.08 Ca

14.59 ± 1.40 ABa

61.02 ± 5.32 Ba

47.46 ± 4.22 ABa

1.82 ± 0.20 CDEFb

0.87 ± 0.15 Ga

10–20

4.46 ± 0.22 CDa

8.37 ± 1.08 CDEa

53.89 ± 4.48 FGa

0.61 ± 0.09 Aa

0.66 ± 0.05 Db

15.59 ± 0.46 Aa

50.94 ± 5.20 Cb

41.91 ± 3.98 BCDa

2.59 ± 0.04 Ba

1.15 ± 0.07 FGa

RM

0–10

4.84 ± 0.03 Aba

6.77 ± 0.68 Fa

73.95 ± 3.37 Ea

0.49 ± 0.03 BCb

0.58 ± 0.07 DEa

16.67 ± 2.92 Aa

5.04 ± 1.05 Ha

35.36 ± 4.72 DEFa

2.27 ± 0.50 BCDa

1.35 ± 0.12 DEFb

10–20

4.84 ± 0.01 Aba

8.74 ± 0.46 BCDb

33.74 ± 2.11 Hb

0.61 ± 0.08 Aa

0.44 ± 0.04 Fb

15.81 ± 1.67 Aa

3.31 ± 0.17 Ha

24.42 ± 3.39 GHb

2.44 ± 0.01 BCa

1.79 ± 0.23 ABCa

ANOVA results

Treatments

< 0.001 ***

< 0.001 ***

< 0.001 ***

0.003 **

< 0.001 ***

< 0.001 ***

< 0.001 ***

< 0.001 ***

< 0.001 ***

< 0.001 ***

Soil layer

0.518

0.624

< 0.001 ***

0.254

0.935

0.067

< 0.001 ***

< 0.001 ***

0.005 **

0.3777

Treatments*Soil layer

0.715

< 0.001 ***

< 0.001 ***

< 0.001 ***

< 0.001 ***

0.762

< 0.001 ***

0.082

< 0.001 ***

0.020 *

  1. Values are represented as mean ± SD (n = 3). The abbreviations used are as follows: AOM for Hevea brasiliensis-Alpinia oxyphylla Miq, AKH for Hevea brasiliensis-Alpinia katsumadai Hayata, CAA for Hevea brasiliensis-Coffea arabica, TCA for Hevea brasiliensis-Theobroma cacao, CCA for Hevea brasiliensis-Cinnamomum cassia (L.) D. Don., PAR for Hevea brasiliensis-Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb, and RM for rubber monoculture. SOC, soil organic carbon; DOC, dissolved organic carbon; AP, available phosphorus; AK, available potassium; TN, total nitrogen; TP, total phosphorus; TK, total potassium; NH4+-N, ammonium nitrogen. NO3−-N, nitrate nitrogen; Significant variations among the treatments within the soil layers are indicated by different uppercase letters (p < 0.05), while significant variations among soil layers within the same treatment are indicated by different lowercase letters (p < 0.05).
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