Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants with and without functional constipation.
Functional constipation | 3 years postpartum | 4 years postpartum | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Absence, n (%) | Presence, n (%) | Absence, n (%) | Presence, n (%) | |
73,537 (87.9) | 10,123 (12.1) | 74,840 (89.5) | 8820 (10.5) | |
Maternal age at delivery, Mean (SD) | 31.4 (4.5) | 31.3 (4.6) | 31.4 (4.5) | 31.5 (4.6) |
Kaup index, Mean (SD) | 16.0 (1.3) | 16.0 (1.3) | 15.7 (1.2) | 15.7 (1.2) |
Feeding frequency per day at 2 years postpartum, Mean (SD) | 3.0 (0.2) | 3.0 (0.3) | 3.0 (0.2) | 3.0 (0.3) |
Toothbrushing frequency per day at 2 years postpartum | ||||
Twice or more | 35,512 (88.5) | 4596 (11.5) | 36,265 (90.4) | 3843 (9.6) |
Once | 37,539 (87.4) | 5432 (12.6) | 38,085 (88.6) | 4886 (11.4) |
Less than once | 486 (83.6) | 95 (16.4) | 490 (84.4) | 91 (15.6) |
At 4 years postpartum | ||||
Twice or more | 55,921 (88.2) | 7497 (11.8) | 57,079 (90.0) | 6339 (10.0) |
Once | 17,405 (87.1) | 2587 (12.9) | 17,560 (87.8) | 2432 (12.2) |
Less than once | 211 (84.3) | 39 (15.7) | 201 (80.5) | 49 (19.5) |
Parental-supervised toothbrushing at 2 years postpartum | ||||
Presence | 72,290 (87.9) | 9921 (12.1) | 73,608 (89.5) | 8603 (10.5) |
Absence | 1247 (86.1) | 202 (13.9) | 1232 (85.0) | 217 (15.0) |
At 4 years postpartum | ||||
Presence | 73,088 (87.9) | 10,059 (12.1) | 74,395 (89.5) | 8752 (10.5) |
Absence | 449 (87.6) | 64 (12.4) | 445 (86.7) | 68 (13.3) |
Child’s sex | ||||
Male | 38,122 (89.0) | 4732 (11.0) | 38,249 (89.3) | 4605 (10.7) |
Female | 35,415 (86.8) | 5391 (13.2) | 36,591 (89.7) | 4215 (10.3) |
Maternal parity | ||||
Primiparae | 30,468 (86.2) | 4858 (13.8) | 30,818 (87.2) | 4508 (12.8) |
Multiparae | 43,069 (89.1) | 5265 (10.9) | 44,022 (91.1) | 4312 (8.9) |
Household income (million yen/ year) | ||||
< 2 | 3783 (84.9) | 675 (15.1) | 3845 (86.3) | 613 (13.7) |
2 to < 4 | 24,616 (87.3) | 3566 (12.7) | 25,070 (89.0) | 3112 (11.0) |
4 to < 6 | 25,109 (88.3) | 3326 (11.7) | 25,534 (89.8) | 2901 (10.2) |
≥ 6 | 20,029 (88.7) | 2556 (11.3) | 20,391 (90.3) | 2194 (9.7) |
Maternal educational attainment | ||||
High school or less | 24,651 (86.7) | 3775 (13.3) | 25,085 (88.2) | 3341 (11.8) |
Junior college | 31,712 (88.1) | 4289 (11.9) | 32,274 (89.6) | 3727 (10.4) |
University or higher | 17,174 (89.3) | 2059 (10.7) | 17,481 (90.9) | 1752 (9.1) |
Maternal smoking habit | ||||
Never | 44,716 (88.7) | 5714 (11.3) | 45,416 (90.1) | 5014 (9.9) |
Stopped | 26,115 (87.0) | 3900 (13.0) | 26,709 (89) | 3306 (11) |
Smoking | 2706 (84.2) | 509 (15.8) | 2715 (84.5) | 500 (15.5) |
Maternal alcohol intake | ||||
Never | 25,736 (88.3) | 3402 (11.7) | 26,125 (89.7) | 3013 (10.3) |
Stopped | 40,330 (87.5) | 5741 (12.5) | 41,113 (89.2) | 4958 (10.8) |
Drinking | 7471 (88.4) | 980 (11.6) | 7602 (90.0) | 849 (10.0) |
Congenital diseases | ||||
Absence | 66,852 (88.0) | 9089 (12.0) | 68,076 (89.6) | 7865 (10.4) |
Presence | 6685 (86.6) | 1034 (13.4) | 6764 (87.6) | 955 (12.4) |
