Table 3 Association of daily toothbrushing frequency at 2 and 4 years postpartum with chronic functional constipation.

From: Prospective association of daily toothbrushing frequency and the prevalence of childhood functional constipation: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study

Daily toothbrushing frequency at 2 years postpartum

Twice or more

Once

p-value

Less than once

p-value

Chronic presence, n (%)

1567 (3.9)

2054 (4.8)

 

38 (6.6)

 

  Crude

Ref

1.23 (1.15–1.32)

< 0.001

1.73 (1.22–2.46)

0.002

  Model 1a

1.21 (1.13–1.30)

< 0.001

1.73 (1.22–2.46)

0.002

  Model 2b

1.22 (1.14–1.31)

< 0.001

1.64 (1.15–2.34)

0.006

  Model 3c

1.22 (1.14–1.31)

< 0.001

1.62 (1.14–2.31)

0.008

Daily toothbrushing frequency at 4 years postpartum

Twice or more

Once

p-value

Less than once

p-value

Chronic presence, n (%)

2626 (4.1)

1015 (5.1)

 

18 (7.0)

 

 Crude

Ref

1.24 (1.15–1.34)

< 0.001

1.73 (0.97–3.08)

0.063

 Model 1a

1.22 (1.13–1.32)

< 0.001

1.75 (0.98–3.12)

0.060

 Model 2b

1.22 (1.13–1.32)

< 0.001

1.61 (0.91–2.88)

0.104

 Model 3c

1.22 (1.13–1.31)

< 0.001

1.60 (0.90–2.86)

0.109

  1. Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) (all such values).
  2. aAdjusted for maternal age, parity status and infant’s sex.
  3. bAdditionally adjusted for maternal (educational attainment, smoking and drinking habit), and children’s factors (z-score of Kaup index at 4 years postpartum, daily feeding frequency, and prevalence of congenital disease[s]), and household income with Model 1.
  4. cAdditionally adjusted for parental-supervised toothbrushing at each time point with Model 2.
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