Table 2 Correlation between heavy metals and glaucoma based on generalized linear models ^a.

Heavy metals	Model 1 ^b			Model 2			Model 3
Heavy metals	β	Lower CIs	Upper CIs	β	Lower CIs	Upper CIs	β	Lower CIs	Upper CIs
Ba	-0.173	-0.368	0.020	-0.069	-0.271	0.131	-0.060	-0.257	0.136
Cd	0.123	-0.106	0.353	-0.063	-0.312	0.184	-0.054	-0.309	0.200
Co	0.067	-0.220	0.329	0.016	-0.283	0.294	0.078	-0.222	0.357
Cs	-0.238	-0.680	0.198	-0.404	-0.867	0.056	-0.453^{* c}	-0.908	-0.001
Mo	0.001	-0.272	0.275	-0.099	-0.380	0.181	-0.128	-0.408	0.152
Pb	0.127	-0.150	0.400	-0.203	-0.512	0.096	-0.098	-0.407	0.203
Sb	-0.073	-0.373	0.212	0.081	-0.214	0.361	0.047	-0.245	0.325
Tl	-0.082	-0.465	0.286	0.149	-0.237	0.518	0.090	-0.288	0.452
Tu	-0.168	-0.398	0.056	-0.201	-0.438	0.031	-0.159	-0.394	0.071
Ur	0.098	-0.088	0.277	0.150	-0.036	0.331	0.184	-0.003	0.369
Pt	0.036	-0.315	0.273	-0.108	-0.497	0.156	-0.053	-0.433	0.208
Hg	-0.125	-0.316	0.064	-0.076	-0.275	0.120	-0.138	-0.347	0.069
As	-0.217	-0.677	0.221	-0.168	-0.639	0.284	-0.147	-0.608	0.293
As3	-1.765	-3.560	-0.056	-2.018^*	-4.049	-0.124	-1.980	-4.071	-0.031
As5	-0.009	-1.566	1.230	0.271	-1.479	1.680	0.111	-1.599	1.498
AB	0.027	-0.174	0.235	-0.022	-0.230	0.192	-0.040	-0.243	0.169
AC	1.363^**	0.626	2.078	1.104^**	0.328	1.850	1.090^**	0.313	1.835
DMA	0.266	-0.168	0.711	0.346	-0.085	0.791	0.300	-0.128	0.740
MMA	0.403	-0.088	0.886	0.463	-0.044	0.963	0.526^*	0.017	1.028
TM	0.135	-1.535	1.376	0.309	-1.614	1.678	0.357	-1.697	1.792

DMA, dimethylated arsenical; MMA, monomethylated arsenical; As3, arsenite III; As5, arsenate V; AB, arsenobetaine; AC, arsenochlorine; TM, thulium; CKD, chronic kidney disease; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); DM, diabetes mellitus; HEI, Healthy Eating Index; kcal, kilocalorie.
^a All serum heavy metal exposure levels were processed for logarithmic calculations.
^b Model 1 was not adjusted for any parameters, and in Model 2 with adjustment of age, sex, as well as in Model 3 further adjustments including age, sex, ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Mexican American, or other), educational level (less than high school, high school or above), marital status (married or living with partner, unmarried), poverty ratio (below the poverty line (< 1.00) or above the poverty line (≥ 1.00)), smoking history (current smoked, never smoked, former smoked), alcohol consumption history (mild, moderate, never drank, former drank, heavy drinking), total physical activity (minutes/day), BMI (kg/m²), history of diabetes (yes or no), hypertension (yes or no), hyperlipidemia (yes or no), chronic kidney disease (yes or no), and urinary creatinine level.
^c Statistically significant results are marked in bold (^*: p<0.05; ^**: p<0.01).

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