Table 2 ECG parameters of the study population at the baseline visit.

From: A normal electrocardiogram indicates a better prognosis in patients with moderate to very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

ECG parameter

Survivors

n = 157

Non-survivors

n = 143

p value

Sinus rhythm, n (%)

149 (94.9)

130 (90.9)

0.176

Heart rate (bpm)

79.0 ± 14.6

78.0 (52.0; 129.0)

85.0 ± 17.7

83.0 (50.0; 136.0)

0.003

Heart rate

≤ 90 bpm

130 (82.8)

96 (67.1)

0.002

> 90 bpm

27 (17.2)

47 (32.9)

PQ interval (ms)

157.6 ± 26.4

160.0 (110.0; 260.0)

155.2 ± 32.5

150.0 (100.0; 260.0)

0.252

QRS interval (ms)

92.5 ± 17.4

90.0 (70.0; 180.0)

96.7 ± 20.0

90.0 (70.0; 160.0)

0.088

QRS interval, n (%)

QRS < 120 ms

148 (94.3)

122 (85.3)

0.010

QRS ≥ 120 ms

9 (5.7)

21 (14.7)

QTc (ms)

412.6 ± 30.2

410.0 (340.0; 480.0)

419.2 ± 30.1

420.0 (320.0; 500.0)

0.075

Any abnormality of P-wave/PQ interval1, n (%)

27 (17.2)

56 (39.2)

< 0,001

Atrial fibrillation, n (%)

5 (3.2)

12 (8.3)

0.078

P-wave abnormality, n (%)

P mitrale

2 (1.3)

10 (7.0)

0,012

P pulmonale

11 (7.0)

32 (22.4)

< 0.001

Any QRS abnormality2, n (%)

47 (29.9)

66 (46.2)

0.004

QRS abnormality,

n (%)

LBBB

2 (1.3)

8 (5.6)

0.052

RBBB

4 (2.5)

9 (6.3)

0.111

LAH

17 (10.8)

8 (5.6)

0.101

LPH

1 (0.6)

1 (0.7)

0.999

Incomplete RBBB

16 (10.2)

25 (17.5)

0,066

LVH, n (%)

14 (8.9)

10 (7.0)

0.539

RVH, n (%)

7 (4.5)

22 (15.4)

0.001

Signs of cor pulmonale3, n (%)

2 (1.3)

15 (10.5)

0.001

Poor R wave progression, n (%)

60 (38.7)

71 (49.7)

0.057

Ischemic changes, n (%)

27 (17.2)

34 (23.8)

0.157

Heart axis (°)

34.2 ± 52.1

45.0 (−120.0; 150.0)

31.2 (53.4)

45.0 (−120.0; 120.0)

0.642

Heart axis, n (%)

< − 90°

2 (1.3)

2 (1.4)

0.966

−90°; −31°

18 (11.5)

17 (11.9)

−30°; 90°

125 (79.6)

111 (77.6)

> 90°

12 (7.6)

13 (9.1)

Extrasystoles4, n (%)

3 (1.9)

6 (4.2)

0.318

Low QRS voltage in limb leads, n (%)

11 (7.0)

12 (8.4)

0.652

Normal ECG, n (%)

39 (24.8)

11 (7.7)

< 0.001

  1. Continuous variables are expressed as the means ± SDs, and categorical variables are expressed as numbers (%). The median is presented for values with a large SD.
  2. 1 Including P pulmonale, P mitral, 1st degree atrioventricular blocks and atrial fibrillation.
  3. 2 Including bundle branch blocks, hemiblocks, pacemaker rhythm, and a nonspecific disorder of intraventricular conduction.
  4. 3Signs of cor pulmonale included both P pulmonale + RBBB and P pulmonale + RVH.
  5. 4Both supraventricular and ventricular.
  6. Abbreviations: ECG, electrocardiogram; LBBB, left bundle branch block; RBBB, right bundle branch block; LAH, left anterior hemiblock; LPH, left posterior hemiblock; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; RVH, right ventricular hypertrophy.
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