Fig. 1

Domain architecture, gene structures and motif analysis of HvNAC proteins. (A) The structural organization of HvNAC proteins is depicted, showing the distribution of different conserved domains. The color-coding represents specific domains: NAM superfamily (yellow) and DUF4175 superfamily (green). Each bar corresponds to a distinct HvNAC protein, with the domains positioned along the sequence length. The x-axis indicates the amino acid length (from 0 to 700), and the y-axis lists the HvNAC protein identifiers. This illustration highlights the diversity in domain composition among the HvNAC family members. (B) Schematic representation of HvNAC gene structures. The diagram illustrates the arrangement of exons²⁹, introns (black lines), and untranslated regions (UTRs) (blue) in HvNAC genes. The lengths of these elements are proportionally scaled to reflect their relative sizes within the genes. The scale bar at the bottom provides a reference for estimating the sizes of exons and introns. (C) A schematic representation of the HvNAC protein sequences along with the phylogenetic relationships among barley NAC genes. The phylogenetic tree visually categorizes the HvNAC proteins into distinct groups based on their evolutionary relationships. Overlaying this tree is a depiction of the conserved motifs identified through MEME analysis. Each colored box on the motif map represents a unique conserved motif within the HvNAC proteins, with the size of the box proportional to the length of the motif. This visualization highlights the structurally and functionally important regions within the HvNAC proteins, offering insights into their conservation and potential roles in stress responses and plant development.