Table 4 Changes in LULC for 1991–2001, 2001–2011, 2011–2023 and 1991–2023.

From: A geospatial and statistical analysis of land surface temperature in response to land use land cover changes and urban heat island dynamics

LULC Classes

1991 to 2001

2001 to 2011

2011 to 2023

1991 to 2023

Rate of Change

km2

%

km2

%

km2

%

km2

%

km2/y

%

Vegetation

138.4

8.6

93.8

5.4

-415.1

-22.6

-182.8

-11.4

-4.35

-0.27

Urban

22.8

13.2

13.7

7.0

74.2

35.5

110.7

64.1

2.64

1.53

Water

-14.1

-33.1

11.1

39.0

31.9

80.5

28.9

67.9

0.69

1.62

Bare land

-147.1

-20.8

-118.6

-21.2

308.9

70.2

43.2

6.1

1.03

0.15

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